This expert statement was submitted by Italian lawyer Renate Holzeisen in conjunction with a lawsuit that challenges the EU’s authorization of the use of Moderna’s mRNA vaccine on children of 12 years and older. The Pfizer vaccine was addressed in a previously published expertise. Many of the arguments below—particularly those related to the dangers of expressing the biologically active SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the human body—apply also to the adenovector-based AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.

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